What is Cyanide?
Cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that can exist in various forms, including hydrogen cyanide gas, sodium cyanide, and potassium cyanide. It is known for its bitter almond smell, although not everyone can detect it. Cyanide is used in numerous industrial processes, such as
mining, chemical manufacturing, and as a fumigant.
How Does Cyanide Affect the Human Body?
Cyanide disrupts the ability of cells to utilize oxygen by inhibiting the enzyme
cytochrome c oxidase. This leads to cellular asphyxiation, primarily affecting organs with high oxygen demand, such as the heart and brain. Symptoms of
acute exposure can include headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, seizures, and loss of consciousness.
What are the Common Sources of Cyanide Exposure?
Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Common sources include industrial activities, smoking,
cyanogenic plants, and combustion of materials like plastics and wool.
Terrorism and
chemical warfare also pose risks of exposure.
How is Cyanide Poisoning Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of cyanide poisoning is based on the patient's history, clinical signs, and laboratory tests. Blood cyanide levels can be measured, although this is often impractical in emergencies. Elevated levels of
lactate in blood may support the diagnosis. Medical professionals often rely on rapid symptom recognition and exposure history.
What are the Long-term Effects of Cyanide Exposure?
Chronic exposure to low levels of cyanide, such as from dietary sources or cigarette smoke, can lead to various health issues, including
neurological problems, thyroid dysfunction, and symptoms akin to Parkinson's disease. Prolonged exposure may result in lasting damage to the central nervous system and organs reliant on high oxygen supply.
