What is Protein Synthesis?
Protein synthesis is a fundamental biological process through which cells generate new proteins. It involves
transcription of DNA into mRNA and
translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain. This process is critical for cellular function, growth, and repair.
How Does Protein Synthesis Relate to Toxicology?
In toxicology, understanding protein synthesis is crucial because many
toxins exert their effects by disrupting this process. For example, some toxins can inhibit ribosomal function or interfere with the transcription machinery, leading to impaired protein production and cellular damage.
What Toxins Affect Protein Synthesis?
Several toxins are known to target protein synthesis.
Ricin, a highly potent toxin derived from castor beans, inhibits ribosomal function by depurinating a specific adenine residue in the ribosomal RNA. Similarly, the
diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis by catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2. These actions prevent the elongation of the nascent polypeptide chain, effectively halting protein synthesis.
What are the Implications of Disrupted Protein Synthesis?
When protein synthesis is disrupted, cells can no longer produce essential proteins required for survival. This leads to cell death and can result in severe toxicity. In humans, toxins that affect protein synthesis can cause symptoms ranging from nausea and vomiting to organ failure and death, depending on the severity and exposure level.
