Potential carcinogens are identified through a combination of epidemiological studies, animal testing, and in vitro assays. Epidemiological studies observe human populations to identify associations between exposure to a substance and cancer incidence. Animal testing provides controlled experimental data, while in vitro assays offer insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Regulatory agencies, such as the IARC and the EPA, evaluate these data to classify substances based on their carcinogenic potential.
