The mechanisms through which biological carcinogens cause cancer can vary significantly:
1. DNA Integration: Some viruses, like HPV, integrate their DNA into the host cell's genome, disrupting normal cellular functions and leading to uncontrolled cell growth. 2. Chronic Inflammation: Agents like Helicobacter pylori can cause long-term inflammation, which can damage tissue and promote cancerous changes. 3. Immune Evasion: Certain biological carcinogens can evade the immune system, allowing mutated cells to proliferate unchecked. 4. Oncogene Activation: Viruses such as EBV can activate oncogenes, genes that have the potential to cause cancer when mutated or expressed at high levels.
