How Do Cells Protect Themselves Against Toxicants?
Cells have developed various defense mechanisms to counteract the effects of toxicants. They may increase the expression of protective enzymes, such as those involved in antioxidant defense, to neutralize ROS. Cells can also enhance their ability to repair damaged DNA and activate detoxification pathways that modify and expel harmful substances. These responses are regulated by signaling pathways that detect cellular stress and initiate protective measures.
