Chemical interactions occur when multiple substances are present simultaneously, potentially altering their toxic effects. These interactions can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic. An additive effect occurs when the combined toxicity is equal to the sum of the individual effects. A synergistic effect occurs when the combined toxicity is greater than the sum of individual effects, while an antagonistic effect occurs when the presence of one substance reduces the toxicity of another. Understanding these interactions is crucial for accurate risk assessment.
