Chemical interactions can significantly modulate toxicity. This can occur through synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects. Synergistic effects happen when two or more chemicals interact to produce a toxic effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. Conversely, antagonistic effects occur when one chemical reduces the toxicity of another, potentially through competition for binding sites or metabolic pathways. Additive effects happen when the combined toxicity is equal to the sum of individual toxicities.
