In vitro models are widely used in toxicology for testing chemical toxicity without the ethical concerns of animal testing. However, these models often fall short in replicating the complexity of whole organisms. They lack the ability to simulate the dynamic interactions among various organs and systems, which can lead to inaccurate risk assessments. For instance, the metabolic processes in a liver cell culture may not accurately represent those in a living liver, limiting the model's predictive power.
