Personal air samplers operate by drawing air through a filter or sorbent material, which traps the contaminants for later analysis. The sampling method can vary depending on the type of pollutant being measured. For instance, filter-based samplers are often used for particulate matter, while sorbent tubes are used for gases and vapors. The collected samples are typically analyzed using techniques such as gas chromatography or mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the pollutants.