Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that affects various neurotransmitter systems, primarily gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. It enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA while inhibiting the excitatory effects of glutamate, leading to the characteristic depressant effects. Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to toxic effects on the liver, brain, heart, and other organs, contributing to a range of health issues, including liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological impairments.
