Human exposure to animal waste can occur via several routes, including direct contact, consumption of contaminated water, or through the food chain. Pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, commonly found in manure, pose significant health risks, leading to gastrointestinal illnesses. Furthermore, the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal waste is a growing concern, as it contributes to the global issue of antimicrobial resistance.
