Development of drug resistance can occur through various mechanisms:
Genetic Mutations: Random mutations in the genetic material of microorganisms can confer resistance to drugs. These mutations can alter drug targets, thereby reducing drug binding and effectiveness. Gene Transfer: Bacteria and other microorganisms can acquire resistance genes from other organisms through mechanisms like horizontal gene transfer, including transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Efflux Pumps: Some cells can develop or enhance their ability to expel drugs using efflux pumps, reducing drug accumulation and efficacy.
