Cellular damage can be detected using various methods:
1. Biochemical Assays: These tests measure enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and other markers of cellular damage. 2. Microscopy: Techniques like electron microscopy can visualize structural changes in cells. 3. Molecular Techniques: PCR and Western blotting can detect DNA damage and protein modifications. 4. Flow Cytometry: This technique can assess cell viability and apoptosis.
