Several drug delivery systems are widely used in modern medicine:
Oral delivery: The most common route, but it faces challenges such as enzymatic degradation and first-pass metabolism that can affect drug bioavailability and toxicity. Injectable systems: These include intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections, offering direct access to the systemic circulation but with risks of immediate toxicity. Transdermal patches: Provide a controlled release of the drug through the skin, reducing systemic side effects by avoiding the gastrointestinal tract. Inhalation: Delivers drugs directly to the lungs, useful for respiratory conditions, but can cause localized toxicity. Nanoparticle delivery: A cutting-edge technology that enhances drug targeting and reduces systemic exposure, but requires careful evaluation of nanoparticle toxicity.
