Recent advancements have highlighted emerging mechanisms of toxicity, such as epigenetic modifications, endocrine disruption, and nanoparticle interactions. Epigenetic changes can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence, potentially leading to long-term health effects. Endocrine disruptors interfere with hormonal systems, affecting growth and development. Nanoparticles, due to their small size and high reactivity, present unique toxicological challenges that are still being explored.
