There are several primary DNA repair pathways that cells utilize to address different types of damage:
Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER): This pathway is responsible for repairing bulky DNA adducts and helix-distorting lesions, such as those caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and certain chemical agents.
Base Excision Repair (BER): BER corrects small, non-helix-distorting base lesions, like those resulting from oxidative stress or alkylation.
Mismatch Repair (MMR): This pathway fixes base mismatches and insertion-deletion loops that occur during DNA replication.
