DNA strand breaks can be categorized into single-strand breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). These breaks may be caused by ionizing radiation, oxidative stress, certain chemicals, and some chemotherapeutic agents. For instance, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can lead to the formation of pyrimidine dimers, indirectly causing strand breaks. Similarly, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are often increased by environmental pollutants, can also result in DNA damage.
