What Toxic Substances Can Induce Foam Cell Formation?
Several toxic substances have been implicated in the formation of foam cells. These include oxidized lipoproteins, cigarette smoke, heavy metals like cadmium and lead, and industrial chemicals such as phthalates and bisphenol A. These substances can induce oxidative stress and promote the uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages, thus enhancing foam cell formation. Understanding the toxicological pathways through which these substances act is crucial for developing preventive strategies against atherosclerosis.
