What is Carbon Tetrachloride?
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a
halogenated hydrocarbon that was once widely used in industry and household products. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a sweet odor, historically used as a refrigerant, cleaning agent, and in the production of other chemicals. However, due to its
toxic effects, its use has been significantly reduced.
How Does Carbon Tetrachloride Affect Human Health?
The
toxicity of carbon tetrachloride primarily affects the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. When inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin, it can cause
central nervous system depression, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, headache, and even coma at high exposures. Chronic exposure is particularly known for causing
liver damage, including fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
What Are the Mechanisms of Toxicity?
Upon exposure, carbon tetrachloride is metabolized primarily in the liver by the enzyme cytochrome P450. This process generates free radicals, which can cause lipid peroxidation and subsequent cell membrane damage. This mechanism leads to
oxidative stress and is a significant factor in its hepatotoxicity.
What Research is Being Done?
Research is ongoing to better understand the
carcinogenic potential of carbon tetrachloride. It has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Studies are also focusing on developing biomarkers for exposure and effect, as well as potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate its toxic effects.
How Can Exposure be Prevented?
Preventing exposure to carbon tetrachloride involves adhering to safety regulations in workplaces that still use the chemical. Personal protective equipment (PPE), proper ventilation, and
substitution with less toxic substances are essential strategies. For the general public, awareness about products that may still contain CCl4 is crucial.
What Should Be Done in Case of Exposure?
In the event of exposure, removing the affected individual from the source and providing fresh air is crucial. Immediate medical attention is necessary, and treatment may involve supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further damage, particularly to the
liver and kidneys.
