What is Squalene?
Squalene is a naturally occurring organic compound, specifically a hydrocarbon, that is found in a wide range of plants and animals. It is most abundantly found in shark liver oil, but it is also present in olive oil, wheat germ oil, and rice bran oil. Squalene is an important precursor for the biosynthesis of all
steroid hormones and is often used in cosmetics and some vaccines as an adjuvant to enhance immune response.
How is Squalene Used in Vaccines?
Squalene is used as an
adjuvant in certain vaccines, most notably in the influenza vaccine. The adjuvant form commonly used is called MF59, which helps to improve the body’s immune response to the vaccine. The use of squalene in vaccines has been extensively studied for its safety and efficacy.
Is Squalene Safe?
Numerous studies have investigated the
safety of squalene, particularly in the context of its use in vaccines. The World Health Organization and other health authorities have reviewed the data and concluded that squalene is safe for use as a vaccine adjuvant. Squalene has been used in over 22 million vaccine doses with an excellent safety record.
While squalene itself is considered safe, there have been
concerns about its potential role in autoimmune diseases. Some theories suggested that squalene might trigger an immune response that could lead to autoimmune disorders. However, extensive research, including animal and human studies, has not found evidence to support these claims. The consensus in the scientific community is that squalene does not pose significant toxicological risks when used properly.
How is Squalene Metabolized?
Squalene is metabolized in the body through the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, ultimately leading to the production of
cholesterol. This metabolic pathway is well-regulated, and squalene, being a natural component in the human body, is efficiently processed without causing harm. The body uses squalene to synthesize steroid hormones and other vital molecules.
Environmental Impact of Squalene Harvesting
The traditional source of squalene has been shark liver oil, raising
environmental concerns regarding the impact on shark populations. Due to these concerns, there has been a shift towards plant-based squalene, which is considered more sustainable. Efforts are ongoing to enhance the extraction processes from plant sources to ensure an eco-friendly supply chain.
Conclusion
In the realm of
toxicology, squalene is regarded as a safe, naturally occurring compound with beneficial uses, particularly in pharmaceuticals. Despite initial concerns, extensive research supports its safety and efficacy, especially in vaccine formulations. The shift towards sustainable sources further solidifies its position as a valuable resource in both medicine and cosmetic industries.
