Assessing immune modulation involves a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro tests, such as lymphocyte proliferation assays or cytokine release assays, can provide insights into how chemicals affect immune cell function. In vivo studies using animal models help understand the systemic effects of toxicants on the immune system. Biomarkers like changes in immunoglobulin levels, alterations in immune cell populations, or shifts in cytokine profiles can also be indicative of immune modulation. Advanced techniques such as flow cytometry and gene expression profiling offer detailed information on immune system changes.
