Non genotoxic carcinogens work through various mechanisms to induce cancer:
Chronic Inflammation: Persistent inflammation can lead to a tumor-friendly environment by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Substances like asbestos and certain heavy metals can induce chronic inflammation. Hormonal Imbalances: Some chemicals mimic or disrupt hormonal functions, leading to increased cellular proliferation. For example, estrogens have been linked to breast and endometrial cancers. Oxidative Stress: Compounds that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage and cancer. Examples include certain pesticides and industrial chemicals. Epigenetic Modifications: These carcinogens can cause changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes can activate oncogenes or silence tumor suppressor genes.
