Toxic substances can induce vascular damage through several mechanisms. Some agents directly damage the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, while others may affect the smooth muscle cells or the structural proteins of the vascular wall. For example, exposure to heavy metals like lead or cadmium can result in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Similarly, certain pesticides and industrial chemicals can disrupt normal cellular signaling pathways, resulting in inflammation, thrombosis, or increased vascular permeability.
