Toxicants can interfere with cAMP pathways at various points. They may alter receptor function, inhibit or overstimulate adenylyl cyclase, or affect the degradation of cAMP by phosphodiesterases. Such disruptions can lead to aberrant signaling, resulting in cellular dysfunction, apoptosis, or uncontrolled cell proliferation. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of toxicants.
