Toxicants can impact the kidneys in various ways, depending on their nature and exposure levels. They may cause direct cellular damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress, ultimately leading to acute or chronic kidney injury. The kidneys are particularly susceptible to toxicants because they receive a significant portion of the cardiac output, which increases their exposure to circulating toxins. Moreover, the concentration of substances as they pass through the renal tubules can amplify their toxic potential.
