Toxins can affect the heart through various mechanisms. Some commonly recognized pathways include:
Direct Cardiotoxicity: Certain substances can directly damage cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes), leading to cell death and compromised heart function. A classic example is the group of chemotherapy drugs known as anthracyclines. Oxidative Stress: Many toxins induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cellular components including lipids, proteins, and DNA, ultimately impairing cardiac function. Disruption of Ion Channels: Some toxins interfere with the normal function of ion channels, which are crucial for maintaining the electrical activity of the heart. This can lead to arrhythmias and other cardiac dysfunctions. Metabolic Disturbances: Toxins may alter normal metabolic processes, leading to imbalances in energy production and utilization, which are vital for the highly energy-dependent cardiac tissue.
