Toxins can disrupt cellular functions through various mechanisms. Some common methods include:
Oxidative stress: Toxins can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, which damages cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Interference with signal transduction: Certain toxins can alter signal transduction pathways, disrupting cellular communication and leading to uncontrolled cell growth or apoptosis. Inhibition of enzymatic activity: Toxins can bind to enzymes and inhibit their activity, affecting metabolic processes and energy production within the cell.
