In response to ethical concerns and regulatory demands, there has been a significant push towards alternative testing methods that reduce reliance on animal models. In vitro assays, organ-on-a-chip technologies, and 3D cell cultures are being increasingly utilized to mimic human physiology more accurately and provide better insights into toxicological outcomes.
These approaches not only align with the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) but also enhance the predictability and relevance of toxicological data to human health.
