How Do Toxins Influence Programmed Cell Death Pathways?
Toxins can disrupt PCD pathways at various levels, leading to altered cell fate. They may affect the expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, modulate signaling pathways like the mitochondrial pathway, or interfere with caspase activation. For instance, some heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals can induce apoptosis by generating oxidative stress or disrupting mitochondrial function.
