age and developmental stage

How Does Aging Affect Toxicological Risks?


As individuals age, physiological changes can alter their susceptibility to toxicants. Aging can lead to decreased liver and kidney function, reduced immune response, and changes in body composition, all of which can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of toxins. Additionally, the elderly are more likely to be on multiple medications, increasing the risk of interactions and adverse effects.

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