Nrf2 is typically bound in the cytoplasm to Keap1, a protein that regulates its activity. Under normal conditions, Keap1 targets Nrf2 for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. However, in response to oxidative stress or exposure to toxicants, Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1. It then translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to antioxidant response elements (ARE) in the DNA, promoting the transcription of genes involved in the antioxidant defense and detoxification pathways.
