The shape of a molecule or particle also plays a critical role in its toxicological profile. For example, certain shapes can facilitate or hinder the binding to cellular receptors, influencing how the toxicant exerts its effects. Rod-shaped particles, for instance, may align more easily with cellular membranes than spherical particles, potentially leading to increased cellular uptake and toxicity. Additionally, the shape can affect the mobility through the environment and within biological systems. Particles with irregular shapes may become trapped more easily in bodily tissues, while those with more streamlined shapes may pass through systems more readily, impacting how long and where they exert their toxic effects.
