How Does the Microenvironment Affect Toxicant Response?
The microenvironment can modulate the response of cells to toxicants in several ways:
Cellular Communication: Cells communicate through signaling molecules and direct contact, which can alter their sensitivity to toxicants. For example, cytokines released by immune cells can either protect against or exacerbate toxicant-induced damage. Extracellular Matrix (ECM): The ECM provides structural support and influences cellular functions such as adhesion, migration, and survival. Changes in ECM composition can modify how cells respond to toxins. Biochemical Gradients: The concentration gradients of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products within the microenvironment can impact the efficacy and toxicity of chemical agents.
