The mechanism of action of venom varies significantly among species. Generally, venoms can be classified based on their effect on prey or victims:
- Neurotoxic venoms: These target the nervous system, often causing paralysis by blocking nerve signal transmission. For example, the venom of some snakes and spiders includes components that can interfere with neurotransmitter release or receptor binding.
- Hemotoxic venoms: These affect the cardiovascular system, potentially causing tissue damage, disrupting blood clotting, or destroying red blood cells. Snake venoms often exhibit hemotoxic properties, leading to symptoms like hemorrhage or organ failure.
- Cytotoxic venoms: These focus on destroying cells, leading to tissue necrosis. Scorpions and some spiders possess venoms with cytotoxic effects, which can cause localized pain and swelling.
