Liver toxicity is commonly assessed using in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro models include primary human hepatocytes, liver cell lines like HepG2, and 3D liver spheroids. These models are used to study the cytotoxic effects of chemicals, measure enzyme activity, and evaluate gene expression. In vivo models, typically involving rodents, are used to study systemic effects and more complex interactions. Biomarkers such as ALT, AST, bilirubin, and albumin levels are commonly measured.
