Topical toxicity is assessed through a combination of in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro methods involve using skin models or cultures to evaluate chemical penetration and potential effects. In vivo methods involve testing on animal models to observe systemic absorption and effects. The Draize test is a traditional method used to evaluate irritation potential, though it has faced ethical scrutiny. Advances in alternative testing methods continue to evolve, offering more humane and potentially more accurate assessments.
