Viability Assays: These measure cell viability after exposure to a toxicant. Common methods include MTT, XTT, and LDH assays. Apoptosis Assays: These determine whether the toxicant induces programmed cell death. Techniques like TUNEL and Annexin V staining are commonly used. Genotoxicity Assays: These assess whether a toxicant causes damage to the genetic material. The Comet assay and micronucleus test are frequently employed. Oxidative Stress Assays: These measure the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant levels. Examples include DCFH-DA and GSH assays.
