Measuring toxicological response involves various bioassays and analytical techniques. These include:
In Vivo Studies: Animal testing provides insights into the effects of chemicals in a whole organism, though ethical considerations are pushing for alternative methods. In Vitro Studies: These are conducted in controlled environments outside living organisms, such as in test tubes or petri dishes, to assess cellular responses. Biomarkers: Biological markers are used to detect and measure exposure, effect, and susceptibility to toxicants.
