Examples of MoA include oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and receptor-mediated toxicity. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to detoxify them, leading to cellular damage. Endocrine disruption involves chemicals that interfere with hormone systems, potentially causing developmental, reproductive, or neurological effects. Receptor-mediated toxicity involves the binding of a toxicant to a specific receptor, altering normal cell signaling and function.
