Cells respond to toxic insults through various mechanisms: - Apoptosis: Programmed cell death is a controlled way to eliminate damaged cells. - Necrosis: Uncontrolled cell death can result from severe damage, releasing intracellular contents that trigger inflammation. - Autophagy: Cells may degrade damaged organelles and proteins to survive toxic stress. - Stress Response Pathways: Activation of pathways like the heat shock response and unfolded protein response helps cells cope with stress.
