Several alternative methods have emerged, each with its own unique application and advantages:
- In vitro testing: These involve the use of cell cultures to study the effects of chemicals. Human cell lines are often used to predict how chemicals might affect human tissues.
- In silico models: Computational models and simulations are employed to predict the toxicity of substances. These methods utilize bioinformatics and data from existing experiments to forecast chemical interactions.
- Organ-on-a-chip technology: Microfluidic devices that mimic the structure and function of human organs. These chips can simulate the physiological responses to various substances.
- 3D bioprinting: This technique involves creating three-dimensional structures that replicate human tissues, allowing for better modeling of the human body's genome-chemical interactions.
