Common cellular responses to toxic exposure include oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, leading to cellular damage. Inflammation is a protective response that can become chronic if the exposure persists. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, serves as a mechanism to eliminate damaged cells, while necrosis is an uncontrolled form of cell death usually resulting from severe injury.
