The body employs numerous defense mechanisms to counteract the effects of toxicants. They are broadly categorized into physical, chemical, and biological defenses:
1. Physical Barriers: The skin and mucous membranes serve as the first line of defense. They prevent the entry of toxic substances into the body.
2. Detoxification Enzymes: Enzymes such as cytochrome P450 play a significant role in metabolizing hazardous compounds into less harmful substances, which are easier to eliminate.
3. Antioxidant Systems: These systems combat oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during exposure to toxins.
4. Excretion Mechanisms: The liver, kidneys, and lungs work to eliminate toxins from the body. These organs filter, metabolize, and excrete toxic substances efficiently.
