What are the Key Epigenetic Mechanisms Affected by Toxins?
Environmental toxins can influence several key epigenetic mechanisms:
DNA Methylation: This involves the addition of a methyl group to the DNA, typically at cytosine bases. Toxins like tobacco smoke and heavy metals can alter DNA methylation patterns, leading to inappropriate gene activation or silencing. Histone Modification: Toxins can also affect the proteins around which DNA is wound, altering the accessibility of genes. These modifications can change the expression of genes involved in cell growth and stress responses. Non-Coding RNAs: These molecules do not code for proteins but can regulate gene expression. Toxins can influence the expression of microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs, affecting cellular processes such as apoptosis and proliferation.
