Maintenance and operational costs are ongoing expenses that can add up over time. They include: - Routine Maintenance: Regular servicing to ensure optimal performance, typically ranging from $1,000 to $10,000 per year. - Consumables: Items like solvents, gases, and columns which need frequent replacement, costing anywhere from $500 to $20,000 annually. - Calibration: Necessary for maintaining accuracy, with costs varying from $500 to $5,000 per calibration session. - Software and Licenses: Many instruments require specialized software, which may come with annual licensing fees.
