Aldehydes exert their toxic effects through several mechanisms. They are highly reactive and can form adducts with proteins, DNA, and other cellular macromolecules. This reactivity can disrupt cellular function, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, aldehydes can deplete antioxidants such as glutathione, further exacerbating oxidative damage. These mechanisms contribute to the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic properties of certain aldehydes.
