The mechanisms of neurotoxicity are complex and varied, involving multiple pathways. Some neurotoxicants induce oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage and apoptosis. Others may disrupt cellular energy metabolism, particularly affecting mitochondrial function. Excitotoxicity, where excessive stimulation of neurons by neurotransmitters like glutamate leads to cell damage, is another common mechanism. Additionally, neuroinflammation triggered by toxicants can result in the release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, contributing to nervous system damage.
