Chemical substances can exert various types of toxic effects, including acute, chronic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. Acute effects occur shortly after exposure and are often reversible, while chronic effects result from long-term exposure and can lead to lasting damage. Carcinogenic effects involve the potential of a chemical to cause cancer, teratogenic effects refer to developmental harm to a fetus, and mutagenic effects involve changes to the genetic material of cells.
