Genotoxic stress can be caused by a variety of factors, including ultraviolet radiation, chemical agents, biological agents, and even endogenous processes within the body. Common genotoxic chemicals include benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals like lead and mercury. Certain drugs, such as chemotherapeutics, can also induce genotoxic stress intentionally as part of cancer treatment.
