The extent and rate of chemical penetration depend on several factors:
Chemical Properties: Molecular weight, solubility, polarity, and ionization are crucial determinants. For instance, lipophilic compounds tend to penetrate lipid-rich barriers like the skin more effectively. Barrier Characteristics: The thickness, integrity, and hydration of the barrier can impact penetration. Damaged or hydrated skin, for example, may allow greater penetration of chemicals. Concentration and Formulation: Higher concentrations and certain formulations, such as emulsions or gels, can enhance penetration. Exposure Duration: Prolonged exposure increases the likelihood of significant penetration.
